The scientific concept of Orthology


Orthology's great significance in biology



The scientific concept of Orthology is of great significance in biology and involves the study of homologous sequences and genes. Homologous sequences refer to genes that share a common ancestry, such as all globin proteins, and originate from the same ancestor but are separated from each other after a speciation event. This implies that they are evolutionarily related and have a similar origin but have undergone changes over time to perform different functions in different species.

Orthologous genes, on the other hand, are genes in different species that evolved from a common ancestor through speciation and usually retain the same function during evolution. This means that orthologs are functionally equivalent genes in different species and play a critical role in the study of gene function and evolution. They provide a way to compare genes and their functions across different species, which is essential for understanding the evolution of life on Earth.

The function of a gene is generally predicted by transferring annotations from homologous genes or proteins for which experimental evidence exists. The 'ortholog conjecture' proposes that orthologous genes should be preferred when making such predictions, as they evolve functions more slowly than paralogous genes. While homologous genes can be similar in sequence, similar sequences are not necessarily homologous. Orthologous genes are homologous genes that diverge after a speciation event, but the gene and its primary function remain conserved.

Orthologs, or orthologous genes, are genes in different species that originated by vertical descent from a single gene of the last common ancestor. For instance, the plant Flu regulatory protein is present both in Arabidopsis (multicellular higher plant) and Chlamydomonas (single-cell green algae).

Identifying orthologs is crucial for accurately predicting gene function in newly sequenced genomes. Paralogs, conversely, are genes related by duplication within the genome and often acquire new functions. Fitch (1970) distinguished orthologs from paralogs, which are genes in the same or different species that arise from gene duplication events.

In conclusion, the study of orthology provides an essential tool for understanding evolutionary relationships among species and predicting gene function in newly sequenced genomes. The identification of orthologs is critical for the accurate annotation of genomes and for developing a deeper understanding of the genetic basis of life.

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